Estratégia de diversificação econômica do botswana

Departamento de Estado dos E. U.A.
Diplomacia em ação.
Relações dos EUA com o Botsuana.
Mais informações sobre o Botswana estão disponíveis na Página do Botsuana e em outras publicações do Departamento de Estado e outras fontes listadas no final deste informativo.
Os Estados Unidos consideram o Botswana um excelente parceiro e um defensor e modelo da estabilidade na África. Nos seus 51 anos desde a independência, o Botswana tem consistentemente mantido um governo democrático, gerido de forma responsável pelos seus recursos naturais e investido nas suas pessoas e infraestruturas. A relação bilateral é forte e fundamentada em um compromisso comum com a democracia, a boa governança e os direitos humanos. Os Estados Unidos e o Botswana também partilham o interesse em garantir a sustentabilidade do sucesso do Botswana, aprofundando a diversificação económica e promovendo o crescimento económico regional e o desenvolvimento. As principais prioridades para o envolvimento dos EUA no Botsuana incluem: o nosso compromisso comum no combate ao HIV e SIDA; a promoção dos direitos humanos e liberdades para todos os habitantes; apoio à diversificação econômica do país; cooperação com a Força de Defesa do Botswana & ndash; uma das forças armadas mais profissionais do continente & ndash; e apoio à estratégia de conservação do Botswana, particularmente seus esforços para combater o tráfico de vida selvagem.
Assistência dos EUA ao Botswana.
Os Estados Unidos têm sido um dos principais parceiros no desenvolvimento do Botswana desde sua independência do Reino Unido em 1966. A Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional (USAID) tem uma longa história no Botswana que remonta à década de 1980, trabalhando para necessidades de desenvolvimento em educação, treinamento, empreendedorismo, gestão ambiental e saúde reprodutiva. O Botswana beneficia, juntamente com os seus vizinhos da região, da Iniciativa da USAID para a África Austral e do Centro de Comércio e Investimento da África Austral da USAID. O Conselho Internacional de Emissoras dos EUA opera uma importante estação de retransmissão da Voz da América em Botsuana que serve a maior parte do continente africano.
Desde 2004, o Botswana recebeu mais de US $ 750 milhões em apoio do Plano de Emergência para o Alívio da AIDS do Presidente dos EUA (PEPFAR), que promove intervenções sustentáveis, de alta qualidade e custo-efetivas de prevenção, tratamento e tratamento do HIV / AIDS. Em 2016, o PEPFAR forneceu aproximadamente US $ 41 milhões em programas e apoio de commodities para o Botswana. Os Centros de Controle e Prevenção de Doenças dos EUA (CDC) trabalham no Botswana desde 1995 para fortalecer o controle da tuberculose (TB) por meio de pesquisa em saúde pública; em 2001, a parceria expandiu-se para incluir programas de HIV / SIDA como uma agência implementadora do PEPFAR. A USAID ajudou a implementar o PEPFAR no Botswana desde 2003. CDC, USAID, Departamento de Defesa e Corpo de Paz apóiam um programa abrangente de HIV / AIDS conectando comunidades a unidades de saúde para reduzir novas infecções e colocar pessoas HIV positivas em tratamento para salvar vidas a fim de alcançar controle epidêmico. Juntos, os Estados Unidos e o Botswana estão liderando o caminho em abordagens comunitárias e de ponta para lidar com a epidemia. Isso inclui a parceria de quatro anos e US $ 64 milhões entre o Ministério da Saúde de Botsuana, o CDC e a Escola de Saúde Pública de Harvard para determinar se métodos coordenados e reforçados de prevenção do HIV impedem a disseminação do vírus melhor do que os métodos padrão oferecidos. individualmente hoje.
A Academia Internacional para o Cumprimento da Lei (ILEA) é financiada, operada e composta em conjunto pelos Governos do Botswana e dos Estados Unidos. A ILEA oferece treinamento para funcionários do governo e da justiça criminal de toda a região subsaariana. Mais de 8.300 funcionários da Nação Parceira de 34 estados membros receberam treinamento na ILEA desde sua criação em 2001.
A assistência dos EUA procura expandir as conexões com os líderes militares do Botswana através de vários programas de educação e treinamento militar. Os programas apoiam o interesse do Botswana em fortalecer as relações civil-militar e militar-militar domésticas e regionais, ao mesmo tempo que melhoram a capacidade do país de participar de forma significativa em operações humanitárias e de manutenção da paz, incluindo na Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral. (SADC) e em toda a África. Os Estados Unidos patrocinam oficiais e suboficiais da Força de Defesa do Botswana que frequentam cursos em instituições de educação militar profissional dos EUA e participam de cursos de desenvolvimento profissional sob medida. Esses cursos reforçam os princípios democráticos, ensinando o papel dos militares em uma democracia, a centralidade dos direitos humanos e o estado de direito. Botsuana faz parceria com a Carolina do Norte no Programa de Parceria do Estado da Guarda Nacional.
Relações Econômicas Bilaterais.
O Botswana é elegível para benefícios comerciais preferenciais ao abrigo da Lei de Crescimento e Oportunidades para África. O país pertence à União Aduaneira da África Austral, que assinou um Acordo de Cooperação de Comércio, Investimento e Desenvolvimento (TIDCA) com os Estados Unidos. O TIDCA estabelece um fórum para discussões consultivas, trabalho cooperativo e possíveis acordos sobre uma ampla gama de questões comerciais, com foco especial em facilitação alfandegária e comercial, barreiras técnicas ao comércio, medidas sanitárias e fitossanitárias e promoção de comércio e investimento.
Associação de Botswana em Organizações Internacionais.
O Botswana é membro das Nações Unidas, do Fundo Monetário Internacional, da Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC), do Banco Mundial e da Organização Mundial do Comércio.
O atual embaixador dos EUA no Botswana é Earl R. Miller; outros funcionários principais da embaixada estão listados na Lista de Dirigentes-Chave do Departamento. O embaixador Miller é concomitantemente credenciado à Comunidade de Desenvolvimento da África Austral (SADC), que tem sede em Gaborone.
Botsuana mantém uma embaixada nos Estados Unidos em 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036 (tel. 202-244-4990).
Mais informações sobre Botsuana estão disponíveis no Departamento de Estado e outras fontes, algumas das quais estão listadas aqui:

Sucesso de Estratégias de Diversificação Econômica Críticas para Economias Ricas em Recursos.
O sucesso das estratégias de diversificação econômica é fundamental para superar a dependência de recursos e salvaguardar o crescimento econômico sustentável de longo prazo em países ricos em recursos. Os recursos naturais são finitos e enfrentam grandes flutuações nos preços, tornando a diversificação econômica essencial para se desvincular das receitas voláteis do governo que são altamente dependentes das exportações de commodities. Durante vários anos, países ricos em recursos, como Peru, Chile, Rússia, Austrália, países dependentes do petróleo do Conselho de Cooperação do Golfo (GCC) e outros, seguiram o sucesso de seus modelos de crescimento baseados em recursos nos anos atípicos do mercado de commodities. boom de 2000-2008. No entanto, as flutuações nos preços e na demanda globais, desde então, apresentaram vários desafios que fazem da diversificação econômica uma das principais prioridades econômicas desses países.
Dependência das Exportações de Combustíveis Minerais e Total de Exportações nos países do CCG: 2013.
Fonte: Euromonitor International a partir de estatísticas nacionais / Eurostat / OCDE / ONU / Fundo Monetário Internacional (FMI), Estatísticas Financeiras Internacionais (IFS)
A superação da dependência de recursos (e da China) é essencial.
Depois de décadas de rápido crescimento, a economia chinesa está desacelerando, o que está tendo efeitos colaterais sobre os exportadores de commodities globalmente:
Por exemplo, no segundo trimestre de 2014, o crescimento real do PIB anual no Peru - entre os principais produtores de metal do mundo segundo o FMI - caiu para 1,7%, seu menor crescimento trimestral desde a recessão em 2009, graças à queda nos preços do cobre e à redução da demanda. China que desacelerou o crescimento das exportações e o investimento privado; A Austrália - entre os maiores produtores mundiais de vários minerais - também depende da China. Em 2013, 59,5% do total das exportações foram provenientes de exportações de minérios metalíferos e sucata e combustíveis minerais.
A falta de estratégias claras de diversificação econômica está tornando essas economias vulneráveis ​​às flutuações dos preços das commodities:
No GCC, um dos maiores desafios é gerenciar os riscos associados à alta dependência do petróleo e ao desenvolvimento de setores de comércio não petrolíferos. A diversificação não apenas levará a um crescimento sustentado de longo prazo, mas também criará mais empregos para a população jovem e crescente do bloco e reduzirá a dependência dos retornos dos fundos soberanos; O modelo de crescimento econômico da Rússia continua dependente das exportações de energia, deixando-a vulnerável a choques externos, com as exportações de combustíveis minerais representando quase três quartos do total das exportações em 2013.
Progresso misto na diversificação.
A dependência do petróleo também levou a desafios de longa data de desigualdade de renda e má criação de empregos que causaram distúrbios civis generalizados, como visto na Primavera Árabe desde o início de 2011. O progresso na diversificação tem sido até agora misto:
Após resultados desanimadores nos dois primeiros trimestres de 2014, o governo do Peru foi forçado a tomar medidas para impulsionar a demanda doméstica e compensar a dependência das exportações de mineração, enquanto a Austrália ainda não possui uma política de diversificação; O GCC tem como alvo o desenvolvimento de indústrias como infraestrutura (Qatar, Arábia Saudita e Bahrein), promovendo pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs) (Kuwait e Omã) e estabelecendo fortes redes educacionais e de saúde. Embora tenham feito grandes avanços no desenvolvimento econômico e social, são necessários mais esforços para melhorar os conjuntos de habilidades da população, bem como envolver as populações domésticas no setor privado; Na Arábia Saudita, a contribuição do PIB não petrolífero está crescendo e cresceu 5,3% em termos reais em comparação com o crescimento negativo de 1,0% do PIB real de petróleo segundo o FMI em 2013. O governo está fazendo esforços consideráveis ​​para estabelecer as bases para o crescimento do PIB. maior diversificação, modernizando a infraestrutura, fortalecendo a educação e as habilidades, impulsionando o acesso ao financiamento para as PMEs e melhorando o ambiente de negócios.
Diversificação para apoiar o crescimento futuro.
A diversificação para economias ricas em recursos é inevitável para reduzir os riscos associados à alta dependência dos modelos de crescimento das exportações de commodities e para limitar o impacto das flutuações dos preços das commodities nas economias domésticas.
Os Emirados Árabes Unidos são o único país no GCC que diversificou com sucesso a energia com infraestrutura moderna que inclui um porto marítimo entre os maiores do mundo, vários hotéis de classe mundial e um ambiente favorável aos negócios. O Azerbaijão é outra história de sucesso que desenvolve novos setores em sua economia, fomenta o crescimento bem-sucedido liderado pelo setor privado e reduz sua dependência das exportações de combustíveis minerais. As exportações de combustíveis minerais representaram 93,8% das exportações totais do Azerbaijão em 2013, mas o governo anunciou no final de 2014 que eliminaria completamente a dependência de petróleo e gás nos próximos cinco a sete anos.
No entanto, o crescimento do setor não petrolífero, em geral, para os países do CCG tem permanecido fraco. O investimento em educação para melhorar os conjuntos de habilidades das populações domésticas continua a ser primordial e as reformas políticas para criar crescimento não petrolífero e oportunidades de emprego continuarão a ser um grande desafio. O rápido desenvolvimento da produção de petróleo e gás de xisto nos EUA terá impacto sobre os preços e a demanda globais do petróleo, que também desempenharão um papel fundamental para impulsionar ainda mais os esforços de diversificação do GCC.
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Estratégia de diversificação econômica do Botswana
A diversificação econômica é geralmente tomada como o processo no qual uma gama crescente de produtos econômicos é produzida. Pode também referir-se à diversificação de mercados para exportação ou à diversificação de fontes de rendimento longe das atividades econômicas domésticas (isto é, renda de investimento estrangeiro).
A diversificação econômica em seu uso padrão, seja em termos da diversidade de atividades ou mercados econômicos, é uma questão significativa para muitos países em desenvolvimento, já que suas economias geralmente são caracterizadas pela falta delas. Tradicionalmente, eles dependem muito da produção de produtos primários que são predominantemente vulneráveis ​​à variabilidade e mudança do clima.
Atividades e produtos finais da segunda fase (2008 & ndash; 2010) incluem:
Submissões (disponível no documento FCCC / SBSTA / 2009 / MISC.6) por Partes e organizações relevantes com informações adicionais sobre exemplos de medidas, metodologias e ferramentas para aumentar a resiliência econômica às mudanças climáticas e reduzir a dependência de setores econômicos vulneráveis, inclusive por meio da diversificação econômica (até 20 de março de 2009). Workshop técnico sobre como aumentar a resiliência econômica às mudanças climáticas e reduzir a dependência de setores econômicos vulneráveis, inclusive por meio da diversificação econômica (solicitado pelo SBSTA antes de sua trigésima sessão, junho de 2009)
Atividades e resultados da primeira fase (até junho de 2008) incluem:
Submissões por Partes e organizações relevantes. Relatório de síntese com base nas informações contidas nas submissões.
O trabalho na área de diversificação econômica pode contribuir para os esforços das Partes e organizações para:
Trocar experiências e oportunidades no desenvolvimento e disseminação de medidas, metodologias e ferramentas voltadas para o aumento da resiliência econômica; Trocar experiências e lições aprendidas na diversificação econômica, incluindo maneiras de desenvolver a capacidade institucional e melhorar a compreensão de como a diversificação econômica pode ser integrada aos planos de desenvolvimento sustentável, especialmente aqueles que promovem o crescimento econômico sustentável e a erradicação da pobreza.
O SBSTA convidou as Partes e organizações relevantes a enviar ao Secretariado, até 17 de agosto de 2007, informações sobre exemplos de medidas, metodologias e ferramentas para aumentar a resiliência econômica e reduzir a dependência de setores vulneráveis.
Foram recebidas observações de cinco partes (Bolívia, Japão, Nova Zelândia, Portugal, em nome da Comunidade Europeia e da Arábia Saudita). As submissões também foram recebidas de duas organizações: a Secretaria da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica e uma organização não-governamental, a Confederação Internacional de Sindicatos (ITUC). As submissões podem ser acessadas abaixo.
Informações sobre diversificação econômica. Envios das Partes.
Informações sobre diversificação econômica. Envios de organizações relevantes.
O SBSTA também solicitou à secretaria que preparasse um relatório de síntese com base nas submissões, que pode ser encontrado abaixo:
Síntese das informações sobre diversificação econômica apresentadas pelas Partes e organizações relevantes. Nota pelo secretariado.
Progresso na implementação.
Workshop técnico sobre como aumentar a resiliência econômica às mudanças climáticas e reduzir a dependência de setores econômicos vulneráveis ​​Cairo, Egito, 28 a 30 de abril de 2009.

Estratégia de diversificação econômica do Botswana
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Quais são as opções do Botswana para a diversificação econômica?
O crescimento econômico futuro e, por implicação, a estabilidade política dependem, portanto, de um substituto confiável para as receitas de diamantes.
Itens relacionados.
Ross Harvey.
Cargo: Pesquisador Sênior.
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Visão geral.
O Botswana, um país sem litoral, está localizado no centro da África Austral, uma ponte estrategicamente posicionada entre a África do Sul, Namíbia, Angola, Zâmbia e Zimbábue. Tem uma população relativamente pequena de pouco mais de 2 milhões de pessoas. Um dos países mais pobres do mundo em independência em 1966, tornou-se rapidamente uma das histórias de sucesso do desenvolvimento mundial. A riqueza mineral significativa (diamantes), a boa governança e a gestão econômica prudente tornaram-no um país de renda média alta. O envolvimento do Banco Mundial está, portanto, concentrado em ajudá-lo a consolidar seu progresso, ao mesmo tempo em que enfrenta uma série de desafios persistentes e emergentes. A pobreza ainda é generalizada e a economia continua pouco diversificada e vulnerável a choques macroeconômicos e climáticos. O Botswana também sofre de taxas especialmente altas de desigualdade e vulnerabilidade, muitas das quais ameaçam os ganhos obtidos até agora.
O Botsuana tem um ambiente político estável com uma tradição democrática multipartidária. Eleições gerais são realizadas a cada cinco anos. O Partido Democrático do Botswana (BDP) está no poder desde 1966. Embora seja amplamente esperado que o BDP mantenha a sua posição dominante nas próximas eleições gerais em 2019, as 11ª eleições gerais realizadas em outubro de 2014 fizeram com que os partidos da oposição aumentassem o número de assentos parlamentares e reduzir a fortaleza do BDP.
O presidente-tenente-geral Seretse Khama Ian Khama está cumprindo seu segundo mandato, que termina em 31 de março de 2018.
Desde que se tornou independente da Grã-Bretanha, o Botsuana tem sido uma das economias que mais crescem no mundo, com uma média de 5% ao ano na última década. Mas sua dependência de commodities torna-o vulnerável às flutuações do mercado internacional. A prolongada incerteza dos mercados globais e o ritmo lento da recuperação econômica nos países avançados continuam a atuar como um obstáculo à perspectiva econômica do Botsuana.
O déficit fiscal do Botswana diminuiu no ano fiscal de 2016/17 para 0,7% do PIB, em comparação com -4,7% no ano fiscal anterior, que começa em abril. O déficit fiscal melhorou em grande parte devido às receitas de mineração mais altas do que o esperado e ao crescimento mais forte do PIB. No entanto, as receitas fiscais ainda são altamente dependentes e vulneráveis ​​a duas fontes voláteis de entrada de receita; as receitas minerais (que representam quase 40% da receita total) e as Receitas da União Aduaneira da África Austral (SACU), que representam mais de um quarto das receitas totais. No agregado, as receitas aumentaram 0,8% do PIB no ano fiscal 2016/17, e atingiram 31,9% do PIB, embora ainda sejam baixas em comparação com a média histórica de cerca de 37%. As despesas diminuíram 2,7% do PIB em comparação com o último ano fiscal, e equivaleram a 33,2% do PIB, principalmente devido ao crescimento do PIB maior do que o previsto.
A economia deve se recuperar com um crescimento projetado do PIB de mais de 4% em 2017, impulsionado principalmente por melhorias no setor de mineração, setores de serviços e estímulo fiscal contínuo que impulsionará a atividade não mineradora. Esta intensificação da actividade económica e da procura interna, combinada com o aumento gradual dos preços das matérias-primas, elevará a inflação para cerca de 4%, que ainda se encontra dentro da faixa de médio prazo do Banco de Botswana de 3-6%. As receitas orçamentárias devem aumentar; se o fizerem, será proveniente de maiores receitas de mineração à medida que as economias industrializadas se estabilizarem e as receitas da SACU crescerem.
Espera-se que a combinação do crescimento das despesas com o aumento das receitas reduza o saldo fiscal até 2019. A conta corrente diminuirá moderadamente em 2018 e 2019, como resultado do aumento das importações desencadeadas pela recuperação do consumo interno.
Apesar do crescimento econômico do Botswana, o país enfrenta altos níveis de pobreza e desigualdade, especialmente nas áreas rurais e na parte sul do país. Espera-se um progresso lento na redução da pobreza no médio prazo, com a pobreza caindo apenas de 13,2% em 2013 para 12,3% em 2018. Acelerar a redução da pobreza exigirá decisões ousadas que incentivem a criação de empregos no setor privado, maior valor acrescentou produção e serviços agrícolas, expansão do crédito e menor endividamento das famílias.
Embora os gastos do setor social do Botswana tenham sido generosos, eles não produziram o impacto que se poderia esperar. O gasto com educação, por exemplo, está entre os mais altos do mundo - cerca de 9% do PIB - e inclui o fornecimento de educação primária gratuita quase universal. Mas o setor não criou uma força de trabalho qualificada. O desemprego permaneceu teimosamente alto em quase 17,8% e, em conseqüência, a desigualdade de renda do Botswana é uma das mais altas do mundo.
A pandemia do HIV / SIDA exacerbou ainda mais a situação; a taxa de prevalência de adultos com HIV / aids permanece onde esteve por algum tempo, com 22%, contribuindo para resultados de educação e saúde inferiores aos de outros países de renda média alta.
Principais Desafios de Desenvolvimento.
A desigualdade extraordinariamente alta do Botswana está a atrasar o país, dificultando o crescimento sustentado de uma rápida redução da pobreza. A pobreza continua alta nas áreas rurais, nos lares chefiados por mulheres e naqueles com baixos níveis de educação. De forma alarmante, a pobreza está concentrada entre crianças e jovens, com implicações significativas para a inclusão social e efeitos intergeracionais.
O Botswana também é marcado por altos níveis de vulnerabilidade, com aproximadamente 30% da população logo acima da linha de pobreza. Uma ampla gama de choques macroeconômicos ou relacionados ao clima poderia empurrar esse grupo de volta à pobreza, corroendo significativamente os ganhos duramente obtidos pelo Botswana. Em suma, os gastos sociais significativos do Botsuana parecem ter tido pouco impacto sobre a desigualdade e a vulnerabilidade, sugerindo que seria possível melhorar a gestão levando a maiores eficiências.
O Botswana enfrenta um dilema de política fundamental de como lidar com o declínio previsto nas receitas de diamantes anteriormente dinâmicas. As projeções para as futuras receitas de diamantes são incertas: embora os diamantes não possam ser totalmente esgotados para outra geração, a produção já ultrapassou seu pico. O Botsuana fez alguns progressos na redução da dependência de diamantes nos últimos 20 anos, mas o nível de diversificação económica necessário para compensar a diminuição das receitas minerais continua a ser um desafio. Projeções recentes para a produção de diamantes indicam que a produção deve permanecer estável nos níveis atuais para os próximos 35 anos, o que fornece uma base útil para o PIB, as receitas do governo e as exportações. Ao mesmo tempo, estima-se que o PIB não derivativo de diamantes deverá crescer a uma média anual de 6,4% nos próximos 20 anos (até 2036) para reduzir a taxa de desemprego do país para 5%.
O modelo econômico do Botsuana precisará de ajustes significativos para atender às necessidades atuais e futuras da população. O modelo econômico atual apresentou resultados importantes, mas também gerou forte dependência do Estado (como principal investidor e empregador) e pouco em termos de fabricação ou serviços inovadores de valor agregado na economia. Mais importante, o modelo não facilitou a criação de empregos liderada pelo setor privado, o que, por sua vez, exacerbou a desigualdade nacional. Políticas projetadas para facilitar: um clima de investimento mais forte para o crescimento liderado pelo setor privado; a gestão mais eficiente dos gastos do setor social; e para fortalecer seus ativos humanos e físicos é essencial para que o desenvolvimento futuro do Botswana seja ainda mais inclusivo e evite a “armadilha da renda média”.
Última atualização: 5 de outubro de 2017.
O Marco de Parceria do País (CPF) do Botswana para o período de AF16-EF20 foi apresentado à Diretoria Executiva do Grupo Banco Mundial (WBG) em novembro de 2015. O CPF foi informado pelo Systematic Country Diagnostics endossado em março de 2015 e desenvolvido em consulta com o governo do Botswana. Empenha-se em apoiar o país a erradicar a pobreza extrema, reduzir a desigualdade e promover a criação de empregos. As principais áreas do CPF são: (i) promover o crescimento intensivo em empregos liderado pelo setor privado; (ii) fortalecimento de ativos humanos e físicos; e (iii) apoiar o gerenciamento eficaz de recursos. A Estrutura de Parceria com o País apóia as metas do Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento do Governo 11 (NDP 11) e Visão do Botsuana 2036.
A data prevista para a próxima Estrutura de Parceria com o País é 2020.
Em março de 2017, o portfólio do WBG tem dois projetos:
Além de seu programa de empréstimos, o Banco Mundial está fazendo um trabalho analítico para ajudar a entender melhor a aparente contradição entre o forte histórico do país em governança, gestão macro-fiscal e crescimento vis-à-vis seus altos níveis de pobreza, desigualdade e indicadores de desenvolvimento humano, e continuar identificando os principais gargalos para a diversificação econômica.
O RAS de Diversificação e Competitividade Econômica (US $ 2,86 milhões): O WBG oferece suporte para melhorar o ambiente de negócios para a criação acelerada de empregos por pequenas e médias empresas. Essa iniciativa também cria capacidade para fazer projeções regulares de habilidades / empregos em setores prioritários, bem como melhora a capacidade institucional do país para desenvolver clusters econômicos tanto para o gado de corte como para o turismo. Fortalecimento do Desempenho do Setor Público RAS (US $ 5,05 milhões): O Botsuana é apoiado pelo Grupo do Banco Mundial na implementação de um sistema nacional de monitoramento e avaliação do desempenho, com foco no fortalecimento da concepção de grandes projetos de infraestrutura e compras públicas.
Última atualização: 5 de outubro de 2017.
Além de projetos anteriores, o atual Projeto de Transporte Integrado (US $ 186 milhões) e seu projeto Emergencial de Segurança e Eficiência da Água (US $ 145,5), o WBG contribuiu para o desempenho do desenvolvimento do Botsuana nas seguintes áreas:
Projeto de Geração e Transmissão de Eletricidade do Morupule B: O WBG conseguiu uma garantia parcial de crédito sob o projeto Morupule B de Geração e Transmissão de Eletricidade para estender o prazo de um empréstimo comercial de US $ 825 milhões para Botsuana de 15 para 20 anos. Além disso, o Banco Mundial está apoiando o trabalho analítico para o desenvolvimento de alternativas energéticas de baixo carbono, como o metano do leito de carvão e a energia renovável, incluindo a energia solar concentrada. O Projecto Nacional de Prevenção do HIV / SIDA no Botswana: O GBM trouxe experiência global e regional para aumentar a eficiência do programa nacional de HIV / SIDA apoiando o governo na transição de uma resposta de “emergência” para uma abordagem mais ampla, estratégica e sustentável. O Projecto Nacional de Prevenção do VIH / SIDA do Botsuana encerrou em Março de 2015. O GBM alavancou uma contribuição de 20 milhões de dólares da Comissão Europeia utilizando uma estrutura inovadora baseada em resultados para melhorar o desempenho da Agência Nacional de Coordenação da SIDA. Projeto de Coexistência da Vida Silvestre do Norte do Botswana: O Grupo Banco Mundial assistiu à mitigação do conflito entre humanos e animais selvagens através de intervenções proativas de prevenção em comunidades rurais selecionadas no norte de Botsuana e apoiou opções de emprego para pessoas locais em turismo baseado na vida selvagem para ajudá-los a se beneficiar diretamente da presença da vida selvagem. O Projeto de Coexistência da Vida Selvagem do Norte do Botswana, financiado pela doação da Global Environment Facility, foi fechado em janeiro de 2016.
Última atualização: 5 de outubro de 2017.
O Botsuana se juntou à Corporação Financeira Internacional (IFC) em 1979 e à Agência Multilateral de Garantia de Investimentos (MIGA) em 1990. A Corporação Financeira Internacional (IFC) apóia a agenda de competitividade por meio de intervenções de assistência técnica de investimento seletivo.
A MIGA também apoiará a agenda de competitividade do país por meio do fornecimento de seguro contra riscos políticos, se e quando for necessário por investidores estrangeiros ativos no país.
Através do arranjo “buy-down” do projeto de HIV / AIDS, a Comissão Européia emergiu como o principal parceiro do Banco, com um portfólio substancial direcionado a um desafio premente de desenvolvimento de desaceleração da epidemia.
Última atualização: 5 de outubro de 2017.
EMPRÉSTIMO.
Botswana: Compromissos por Ano Fiscal (em milhões de dólares) *
AO REDOR DO GRUPO BANCO.
Descubra o que as filiais do Grupo do Banco estão fazendo em Botsuana.
GALERIA DE FOTOS.
PERMANEÇA CONECTADO.
Pulse da África, nº 16, outubro de 2017.
A África precisa melhorar a qualidade de sua educação e também ensinar habilidades básicas aos adultos, diz Africa's Pulse.
Monitorando o Progresso na Política.
A IDA, o fundo do Banco Mundial para os mais pobres, contribui com quase 50% de seus fundos para 39 países africanos.
Associação Internacional de Desenvolvimento (IDA) na África.
A IDA, o fundo do Banco Mundial para os mais pobres, contribui com quase 50% de seus fundos para 39 países africanos.
Banco Mundial Africa Multimedia.
Veja, ouça e clique nos últimos vídeos, podcasts e apresentações de slides que destacam o trabalho do Banco Mundial na África Subsaariana.
Fazendo negócios no Botsuana.
O relatório Doing Business fornece medidas objetivas de regulamentos comerciais e sua aplicação. Veja onde seu país se classifica.

Departamento de Estado dos E. U.A.
Diplomacia em ação.
Declaração do Clima de Investimento 2015 - Botsuana.
Botsuana é um país conectado à terra localizado na África Austral. Botsuana tem desfrutado historicamente entre as maiores taxas de crescimento econômico do mundo e sua economia voltada para exportação está altamente correlacionada com as tendências econômicas globais. O desenvolvimento tem sido impulsionado principalmente pela receita da indústria de diamantes, que permitiu ao Botswana fornecer infra-estrutura, como transporte e serviços sociais. Durante os 12 meses anteriores a setembro de 2014, a economia do Botswana cresceu 4,2% e a inflação permaneceu na extremidade inferior do espectro de 3% a 6% do banco central. Segundo o Governo do Botswana (GOB), os investimentos no Botswana totalizaram US $ 4 bilhões em 2012. De acordo com a escala de rating do Banco Mundial, a renda per capita do Botswana de US $ 7.730 a torna mais alta do que a maioria dos outros países subsaarianos. países. Em dezembro de 2014, Moody's e S & P classificaram a dívida soberana do Botswana como A2 e A-, respectivamente.
Botsuana é um país estável e democrático, com um sistema judiciário independente. Ele mantém um ambiente macroeconômico estável, disciplina fiscal, um sistema bancário bem capitalizado e um sistema sensato de taxas de câmbio de rastreabilidade. A corrupção no Botswana continua menos difundida do que em outras partes da África; no entanto, empresas estrangeiras e nacionais comentaram uma crescente corrupção relacionada à concorrência, em que policiais coniventes manipulam o processo. O GOB lançou iniciativas para promover o investimento estrangeiro em setores-chave, a fim de diversificar sua economia para além da indústria de diamantes e criou o Centro de Investimento e Comércio do Botswana para ajudar os investidores locais e estrangeiros neste empreendimento. O Botswana é um estado membro da convenção do ICSID e da convenção de Nova York de 1958.
Apesar do compromisso de atrair investimentos, as políticas do governo brasileiro nem sempre facilitam as operações de negócios estrangeiros em Botsuana. Currently they do not have a consolidated legal framework that clarifies the protections and incentives afforded to investors and there are limitations on foreign participation in the market. At least twenty different service sector businesses are reserved for nationals. Complimentary to this are the institutionalized preferences of procuring goods and services from citizen-owned sources. Managers cite local skills deficits, low labor productivity, and challenges obtaining work permits for foreign workers as key business constraints in Botswana. Bureaucratic hurdles and shortages of water and electricity also hamper economic activity in Botswana and the government’s increasing number of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and market holdings crowd out the private sector. The GOB is seeking to improve its customs and procurement processes with assistance from USAID, and the U. S. Trade and Development Agency.
The World Bank ranked Botswana 74 out of 189 economies in the category of Ease of Doing Business. Key investment opportunities include large water, electricity, transportation, and telecommunications infrastructure projects that the GOB has plans to implement. The lion’s share of economic activities outside the diamond sector are driven by government procurement and the GOB has an approximate USD 5 billion budget for the 2015 fiscal year. Economic experts have noted that Botswana has considerable potential in areas such as; mining beneficiation, electricity, meat industry, tourism, and financial services sectors.
1. Openness To, and Restrictions Upon, Foreign Investment.
Attitude toward Foreign Direct Investment.
The GOB publicly emphasizes the importance of attracting foreign direct investment (FDI). The GOB has launched initiatives to promote economic activity and foreign investment in specific areas, including the establishment of hubs to promote economic growth in the agriculture, diamond, education, health and transportation sectors. Additional investment opportunities in Botswana include large water, electricity, transportation, and telecommunication infrastructure. Botswana imports the majority of its products for consumption; food, clothing, appliances, mining equipment, and raw materials.
In 2012, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) drafted a position paper for a proposed Investment Facilitation Law and requested an OECD Investment Policy Review in order to inform its discussions of consolidating a legal regime for investment. It has abolished all foreign exchange controls, instituted low corporate tax rates, and the Botswana Investment and Trade Centre provides assistance to foreign investors (reference Investment Incentives section). Despite the desire to attract foreign investment, certain GOB’s policies do not make it easy for foreign firms to do business.
Other Investment Policy Reviews.
In December of 2014, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) released an Investment Policy Review on Botswana. (oecd-ilibrary/finance-and-investment/oecd-investment-policy-reviews-botswana-2014_9789264203365-en).
Botswana has been a World Trade Organization (WTO) since 1995. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) the WTO last conducted a trade policy review in 2009. (wto/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp322_e. htm)
Laws/Regulations of Foreign Direct Investment.
Under Botswana's Company Act, foreigners who wish to operate a business are required to register as well as obtain the relevant licenses and permits as prescribed by the Trade Act of 2008.
Licenses are required for a wide spectrum of businesses, including banking, non-bank financial services, transportation, medical services, mining, energy provision, and alcohol sales. Although recent amendments to the Trade Act have eliminated the catch-all miscellaneous business license category, investors have reported on local authorities insisting that a business apply for a license even when it does not fall within the established categories. In addition, some businesses have observed that the enforcement of licenses, as well as the time taken for inspections to comply with licensing requirements, varies widely across local government authorities. Botswana’s processes to obtain a construction permit are lengthy (an average of 110 days) in addition to needing to complete twenty separate steps. The U. S Embassy continues to engage with the GOB to highlight these and other licensing challenges.
The Botswana Investment and Trade Centre serves as a useful resource when registering a company and obtaining licenses and permits. The MTI also provides guidance on the process of registering a company on its website (mti. gov. bw/businessregistration).
The GOB’s National Export Strategy identifies eight priority sectors targeted for growth: (1) arts and crafts; (2) garments; (3) textiles; (4) jewelry; (5) mineral processing (including diamonds); (6) glass and glass products; (7) leather and leather products; and, (8) beef. The Economic Diversification Drive, a government program used to implement a strategy to diversify the economy beyond diamond industry, added five additional areas: (9) renewable energy; (10) recycled material products; (11) auxiliary support services; (12) banking, finance and insurance; and, (13) construction/building.
Limits on Foreign Control.
Botswana reserves some licenses solely for citizens, including butcheries, general trading establishments, gas stations, liquor stores, supermarkets (excludes chain stores), bars (other than those associated with hotels), certain types of restaurants, boutiques, auctioneers, car washes, domestic cleaning services, curio shops, fresh produce vendors, funeral homes, hairdressers, various types of rental/hire services, laundromats, specific types of government construction projects under a certain dollar amount, certain activities related to road and railway construction and maintenance, and certain types of manufacturing activities including the production of furniture for schools, welding, and bricklaying.
The MTI reported to the National Doing Business Committee (NDBC) in 2015 that it would allow foreigners to begin operating an undetermined number of business sectors currently limited to Batswana citizens.
The MTI, which administers the citizen participation initiative, has taken an expansive interpretation of the term chain stores, so that it encompasses any store with more than one outlet. This broad interpretation has resulted in the need to apply exemptions to certain supermarkets, simple specialty operations, and general trading stores. Consequently, many large general merchandise markets, restaurants, and grocery networks are owned by foreigners.
The GOB has represented itself a deeply committed towards privatization, even putting a task force together in 1997. This task force approved regulations back in 2000 to privatize all of its state-owned companies; and formed a Public Enterprises Evaluation and Privatization Agency (PEEPA) to oversee this process. In practice, none of the state-owned entities (SOE), known as parastatals, have been privatized and the GOB has expanded its SOEs in recent years. In 2012, the GOB created the Okavango Diamond Company and the Mineral Development Company Botswana in order to oversee their mineral industry holdings. In 2014, the GOB acquired operations to form a mining hub under a grand economic diversification strategy dubbed Polaris II and launched Botswana Oil Limited to manage the country’s fuel supply.
After more than 12 years of effort and multiple attempts to reach a privatization agreement regarding the state-owned airline, Air Botswana, to this day the airline still remains part of the GOB. The privatizations of six other state organizations, including the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC) and the National Development Bank, are also behind schedule. In September 2014, the GOB announced that it would hold an initial public offering to sell 49 percent of its current BTC holdings only to nationals as well a citizen-owned companies, while retaining a 51 percent., Since making this announcement in 2014, GOB has deferred this initial public offering on three separate occasions. No new date has been announced.
The ability of PEEPA to manage the privatization of state-owned enterprises is hampered by the lack of corresponding legislation to enforce the process. As a result, the decision to privatize, and the speed with which it is done, remains at the discretion of the ministry or department.
The Botswana Investment and Trade Center screens foreign direct investment (FDI) in Botswana when evaluating whether to assist investors.
Botswana has developed anti-trust legislation and policies to ensure appropriate competition in the business environment. Under the Competition Act, the newly-established Competition Authority is now monitoring mergers and acquisitions. Between April 2013 and March of 2014, the Competition Authority investigated 61 cases of alleged monopoly practices. The Competition Authority is empowered to reject mergers when they are deemed not to be in the public best interest. The Competition Authority has interpreted this ability to mean that it can prohibit mergers when the end result is the concentration of a majority of shares in the hands of foreign investors.
The GOB has stated its desire to attract additional foreign investment, nevertheless its existing policies do not always make it easy for foreign firms to do business. There is no consolidated legal framework to clarify the protections and incentives afforded to investors and the limitations on foreign participation in the market. The 2014 Botswana Investor’s Handbook (botswana. usembassy. gov/economic_information_reports. html) published by the Investment and Trade Centre (BITC) does shed some light onto aspects of the investment framework. Botswana’s political parties emphasize the importance of citizen empowerment, an interchangeable term that refers to either social safety or the creation of economic policies that create new opportunities for its citizens. Over twenty businesses in the service sector are reserved exclusively for citizens. The 2012 Citizen Economic Empowerment Policy has emphasized the preference for local companies. In October 2014 the GOB and the Chamber of Mines created a committee to oversee the purchasing of mining supplies with a preference towards those produced locally.
Botswana dropped eight places in the 2015 World Bank, Doing Business Report to 74 out of 189 due to the deterioration of procedures such as paying taxes, starting a business, registering property, and it's continued low ranking in cross-border trade. Burdensome bureaucratic procedures in addition to water rationing, power outages and weak infrastructure hamper economic activity. The Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs, has denied permits to a large number of skilled foreign workers without providing any explanation, prompting foreign chambers of commerce, to express concern over their ability to establish or maintain commercial operations within the country. In 2014 the GOB increased its market share by acquiring private mining operations and launching the new state-owned Botswana Oil Limited to manage the country’s fuel supply. Botswana’s leading chamber of commerce spoke out in response against the government’s increasing number of state-owned enterprises, noting that it crowds out the private sector.
Over the last year, the GOB has taken steps to improve the investment climate. If implemented, these reforms would facilitate investment in Botswana; however, the GoB’s implementation of planned reforms has historically lagged. In May 2014, parliament approved an E-Communications and Transactions Bill designed to streamline procedures by creating a centralized online system for storing and approving documents. The GOB also began granting license waivers for businesses in 2014, and has stated that it will remove in 2015 requirements for licenses that are not related to health or safety. In January 2015, the GOB Cabinet approved the establishment of Botswana's National Single Window which enables international traders to submit regulatory documents at a single location in order to facilitate trade. As of March 2015, the Botswana Unified Revenue Services is consulting with the private sector on a draft to amend the Customs and Excise Duty Act with the view of streamlining procedures and lowering importing and exporting costs. USAID’s Southern African Trade Hub provided technical assistance to the GOB during the drafting process.
The MTI reported to the National Doing Business Committee (NDBC) in March 2015 that it approved an unprecedented set of business reforms in December 2014. Key changes it presented include creating a corps of commercial specialized judges within the civil court system, streamlining property registration, and allowing foreigners to operate in an undetermined number of business sectors currently limited to Batswana citizens. The MTI reported to the NDBC that the GOB would implement administrative reforms included in the packet by the end of 2015 and legal reforms by the end of 2016. The GOB is also considering implementing a procurement reform roadmap with the U. S. Trade and Development Agency’s Global Procurement Initiative: Understanding Best Value technical assistance program.
TI Corruption Perceptions index.
World Bank’s Doing Business Report “Ease of Doing Business”
Global Innovation Index.
World Bank GNI per capita.
2. Conversion and Transfer Policies.
There are no foreign exchange controls in Botswana or restrictions on capital outflows through financial institutions. Commercial banks are required to ensure customers complete basic forms indicating name, address, purpose and other details prior to processing funds transfer requests or loan applications. The Ministry of Finance monitors data collected on the forms for statistical information on capital flows, but the form does not require government approval prior to the processing of a transaction and does not delay capital transfers.
To encourage portfolio investment, develop domestic capital markets, and diversify investment instruments, non-residents are able to trade in and issue Botswana Pula-denominated bonds with maturity periods of more than one year, provided such instruments are listed on the Botswana Stock Exchange (BSE). Botswana's Letlole Saving Certificate (equivalent to a U. S. Treasury bond) can be purchased only by Botswana citizens. Foreigners can only hold shares in BSE-listed Botswana companies.
Travelers are not restricted to the amount of currency they may carry, but they are required to declare to customs at the port of departure any cash amount in excess of BWP 10,000 (USD 1,200). There are no quantitative limits on foreign currency access for current account transactions.
Bank accounts denominated in foreign currency are allowed in Botswana. Commercial banks offer accounts denominated in U. S. Dollars, British Pounds, Euros and South African Rand. Businesses and other bodies incorporated or registered domestically may open accounts without prior approval from the Bank of Botswana. The government also permits the issuance of foreign currency denominated loans.
Upon disinvestment by a non-resident, the non-resident is allowed immediate repatriation of all proceeds including profits, rents, fees, etc.
The Botswana Pula (BWP) has a crawling peg exchange rate and is tied to a basket of currencies comprised of the South African rand, weighted at 50 percent, with the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (consisting of the U. S. dollar, the Euro, British pound, and Japanese yen) comprising the other 50 percent. The Bank of Botswana reduced the weighting of the South African rand from 55 percent to 50 percent in January 2015. The BWP continues to be heavily influenced by movements of the South African rand against the U. S. dollar. There is no difficulty in obtaining foreign exchange. Shortages of foreign exchange that would lead banks to block transactions are highly unlikely.
In 2014, the Ministry of Finance’s Financial Intelligence Agency (FIA) began processing suspicious transaction reports. The FIA is set to assist the Botswana Police Service, Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime, and Department of Public Prosecution to identify and investigate money laundering offenses. Under the FIA’s oversight, Batswana banks have begun improving anti-money laundering practices by introducing AML compliance systems. In addition, in 2014 the parliament passed the Counter-Terrorism Act and Proceeds and Instruments of Crime Act, meeting the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group’s (ESAAMLG) requirements. Botswana was previously under enhanced monitoring by ESAAMLG before they introduced these reforms.
Not applicable/information not available.
3. Expropriation and Compensation.
Section 8 of the country's Constitution prohibits the nationalization of private property. The GOB has never pursued a policy of forced nationalization and is highly unlikely to adopt one. The Acquisition of Property Act provides a process for any expropriation, including parameters to determine market value and receive compensation. The 2007 Amendment to the Electricity Supply Act allows the GOB to revoke an Independent Power Producer’s license and confiscate the operations with compensation for public interest purposes.
Legal System, Specialized Courts, Judicial Independence, Judgments of Foreign Courts.
The local Constitution provides for an independent judiciary system. The legal system of Botswana is based on Roman-Dutch law as influenced by English common law. This type of system cohabits with legislation, judicial decisions and local customary law. The courts enforce properly enforce commercial contracts, and the judicial system is widely regarded as being fair. Both foreign and domestic investors have equal access to the judicial system. Botswana does not have a dedicated commercial court. The Industrial Court set up by the Trade Dispute Act of 2004 primarily addresses labor matters.
As part of the December 2014, reforms packet that the MTI presented to the National Doing Business Committee, the GOB is planning to create a corps of commercial specialized judges within the civil court system. Under the new system, commercial cases will be overseen by commercial judges in order to expedite the handling and ensure relevant expertise. The GoB plans to implement these changes by the end of 2016; however implementation of GoB-planned reforms has historically lagged.
U. S. litigants have complained that the time taken to obtain and enforce a judgment in a commercial dispute is unreasonably long. The turnaround time for civil cases is approximately two years. In an effort to create more efficient adjudications, the government has established land tribunal, industrial, small claims and corruption courts. During the past several years, some dockets have improved but progress has been uneven.
Local laws are accessible through the Botswana Attorney General’s Office web site (laws. gov. bw). It can take up to 24 months for a law, once passed, to appear on the web site.
Botswana’s commercial and bankruptcy laws are comprehensive. Secured and unsecured creditors enjoy similar rights under bankruptcy proceedings as they would in the United States.
There are no known investment disputes involving U. S. persons.
Botswana accepts international arbitration to settle investment disputes.
ICSID Convention and New York Convention.
Botswana has ratified the convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (1958 New York Convention). They are also a member state to the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID convention), and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA).
Duration of Dispute Resolution.
The duration in reaching a resolution involving an investment dispute depends on a number of factors. When local courts are involved they will usually call the aggrieved parties and recommend that they try to settle their differences out-of-court. If negotiations fail, the matter will be assigned to a judge whom will place the case on his docket. There is also an option to label the matter as urgent in order to speed up the process but this too requires a subsequent judicial assessment to determine if the matter is urgent.
Performance Requirements and Investment Incentives.
Botswana is a World Trade Organization (WTO) member since 1995. Botswana does not keep any policies that are inconsistent with WTO TRIMS requirements.
Botswana has several mechanisms in place to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). The BITC provides assistance to local and foreign investors. BITC is responsible for promoting foreign direct investment, investor aftercare, and the promotion of locally-manufactured goods in export markets. It assists investors with company registration, land acquisition, factory shells, utility connections, and work and residence permits for essential staff. Requests by investors for investor support from BITC and other agencies are evaluated based on the extent to which the proposed project assists in the government’s diversification efforts, contributes to the growth of priority sectors, and provides employment and training to Botswana citizens. The government also makes grants available to investors who partner with citizens and will extend credit to investors presenting proposals that have undergone appropriate due diligence and which have completed a feasibility study. Foreign investors are encouraged to transfer technology to Botswana and skills to Botswana citizens with a view to preparing them for promotion into management positions.
Botswana offers a relatively low tax rate of 22 percent of the corporate taxable income and 7.5 percent withholding tax on all dividends distributed. The MTI can grant manufacturing companies the reduced level of 15 percent taxable income. Companies can pay the reduced rate of 15 percent of profit with accreditation from the Innovation Hub or the International Financial Services Centre on approved operations.
The Minister of Finance and Development Planning has the authority to issue development approval orders which are used for specific projects, which include providing tax holiday and education and training grants. The Minister must be satisfied that the proposed project will be beneficial to Botswana’s economy. Any firm, local or foreign, may apply for a Development Approval Order through the Permanent Secretary for Finance and Development Planning. Applications will be evaluated against the following criteria: job creation for Botswana citizens; the company's training plans for Botswana citizens; the company's plans to localize non-citizen positions; Botswana citizen participation in company management; amount of equity held by Botswana citizens in the company; the location of the proposed investment; the project's effect on the stimulation of other economic activities; and the project's effect on reducing local consumer prices. The MTI also offers rebates on imported materials for manufactures that produce products for export.
Research and Development.
Information is not available.
Performance requirements are not imposed as a condition for establishing, maintaining, or expanding an investment in Botswana, or for access to tax and investment incentives. Foreign investors are encouraged, but not compelled, to establish joint ventures with citizens or citizen-owned companies.
Foreign investors wishing to invest in Botswana are required to register the company in accordance with the Companies Act and comply with other applicable legislation. Investors are encouraged, but not required, to purchase from local sources. The Government does not require investors to locate in specific geographical areas, use a specific percentage of local content, permit local equity in projects, manufacture substitutes for imports, meet export requirements or targets, or use national sources of financing for private-sector investments.
As a matter of policy, the GOB encourages foreign firms to hire qualified Botswana nationals rather than expatriates. The granting of work permits foreign workers may be made contingent upon establishment of demonstrable localization efforts. The government may additionally require evidence that a local is being trained to assume duties currently being fulfilled by foreign worker, specially focused at the middle-management level. The GOB offers incentives to companies that train local employees, including the deduction of 200 percent of training expenses when training is carried out by an accredited institution. The government has introduced a range of policy initiatives intended to mitigate the impending loss of diamond revenue and decrease government spending, including an Economic Diversification Drive, which employs government purchases to stimulate local production and consumption, as well as a wage freeze to reduce the size of the public sector wage bill.
Investors who rely on expatriate managerial and technical expertise see these limitations on immigration as a major regulatory constraint. In 2012, Botswana implemented a Points Based System (PBS) to evaluate work permits, in response to complaints that immigration authorities lacked the necessary expertise to properly evaluate applications for individuals with certain skill sets. This resulted in immediate and widespread complaints that the PBS was too stringent. The government then announced that it would review the policy; however, there is no indication that restrictions have not relaxed. The Ministry of Labor and Home Affairs has recently denied work permits to a large number of skilled foreign workers.. Even recent amendments to the Immigration Law do not appear to address the problem. Firms that retain BITC’s investment services are afforded priority in the permitting process and may avoid some of the delays that have been reported in finalizing immigration documents.
Grants are available to foreign investors who partner with Botswana citizens. The Citizen Entrepreneurial Development Agency has established a venture capital fund to provide equity to citizens and ventures between citizens and foreign investors. Foreign investors do not have access to Botswana government loans and grants designed specifically for citizen-owned contracting firms or for small enterprises.
The government, the largest procuring entity in the country, has directed central government, local authorities and state-owned enterprises to purchase all products and services from locally-based manufacturers and service providers if the goods and services are locally available, competitively priced, and meet tender specifications in terms of quality standards as certified or recognized by the Botswana Bureau of Standards. The Department of Industrial Affairs under the MTI administers this program.
In order for a foreign firm to qualify with the Department of Industrial Affairs as a locally-based manufacturer or service provider to sell goods or services to the government of Botswana, the firm first must be registered with the Registrar of Companies and possess a relevant license or waiver letter. Few of these procedures can be completed online. Therefore, in practice companies see the need to hire an agent on the ground to handle registrations.
For Companies Act registration purposes, enterprises are classified as follows: Micro Enterprises —less than 6 employees including owner and annual turnover of up to BWP 60,000; Small Enterprises — less than 25 employees and annual revenue between BWP 60,000 and 1,500,000; Medium Enterprises — less than 100 employees and an annual revenue between BWP 1,500,000 and 5,000,000; Large Enterprises —more than 100 employees and an annual revenue between BWP 5,000,000 or more.
There are no requirements to store data within the country.
6. Right to Private Ownership and Establishment.
The GOB reserves some business sectors for citizen ownership, has instituted local procurement preferences, and limits the land permitted to be sold to foreigners (see Sections 1, 7, and 8). Botswana has no other known restrictions on investment ownership, the sources of financing for investments, the marketing of products, the sources of technology used by companies, or the methods of training used by companies; however the absence of a consolidated investment framework has resulted in a lack of clarity regarding limitations on foreign investment.
6. Protection of Property Rights.
As part of the December 2014 reforms packet that the MTI presented to the National Doing Business Committee, the GOB plans to streamline and standardize property registration procedures by the end of 2016; however implementation of GOB-planned reforms has historically lagged. There are three main categories of land in Botswana: freehold, state land, and tribal land. Tribal and state land cannot be sold to foreigners. There are no restrictions on the sale of freehold land, but only about 5 percent of land in Botswana is freehold. In the capital city of Gaborone, the number of freehold plots is limited.
State land represents about 25 percent of land in Botswana. On application to the Department of Lands, both foreign-owned and local enterprises registered in Botswana may lease state land for industrial or residential use. Commercial use leases are for 50 years and residential leases are for 99 years. Waiting periods tend to be long for leasehold applications, but subleases from current leaseholders are available. In 2014, the GOB changed its implementing regulation to allow companies with less than five employees to operate in residential areas if their operations do not pose a health or safety risk to residents.
Tribal land represents 70 percent of land in Botswana. To obtain a lease for tribal land, the investor must approach the relevant local Land Board. Processes are unlikely to be streamlined or consistent across Land Boards.
Since independence, the trend in Botswana has been to increase the area of tribal land at the expense of both state and freehold land. Landlord-tenant law in Botswana tends to be moderately pro-landlord.
In addition to helping investors who meet its criteria obtain appropriate land leaseholds, the Botswana Investment and Trade Centre has also built factory units for lease to industrialists with the option to purchase at market value.
Intellectual Property Rights.
Intellectual property rights are protected under the Industrial Property Act of 2010, the Registration of Business Names Act of 1975 and the Copyright & Neighboring Rights Act of 2000. Other IP-related Laws include the Competition Act, the Value Added Tax Act, the Botswana Penal Code, the Customs and Excise Duty Act, the Monuments and Relics Act, the Broadcasting Act, and the Societies Act.
Botswana is a signatory to the Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances, the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, the Protocol Relating to the Madrid Agreement Concerning the International Registration of Marks, the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the WIPO Copyright Treaty, the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty, the Patent Cooperation Treaty, the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
In June 2014 GOB authorities worked with Namibian authorities and Interpol to seize 644,000 counterfeit items valued over USD 3 million in Botswana and Namibia.
For additional information about treaty obligations and points of contact at local IP offices, please see WIPO’s country profiles at wipo. int/directory/en/.
Resources for Rights Holders.
Embassy point of contact: Goitseone Montsho: MontshoG@state. gov.
8. Transparency of the Regulatory System.
Bureaucratic procedures necessary to start and maintain a business tend to be open, though slow. Foreign investors’ complaints generally focus on the inefficiency and/or unresponsiveness of mid-level and low-level bureaucrats in government. The government has introduced a Performance Management System to improve the service and accountability of government employees, but its effectiveness has not yet been evaluated.
The Public Procurement and Asset Disposal Board (PPADB) oversee all government tenders. Prospective government contractors are required to register with the PPADB. The PPADB maintains a process by which tender decisions can be challenged, and a bidder can also challenge a tender procedure in the courts. The PPADB publishes its decisions concerning awarded tenders, prequalification lists, and newly registered contractors.
The PPADB Act calls for preferential procurement of citizen-owned contractors for works, service and supplies, as well as specific, disadvantaged women’s communities, though it states that such preferences must be time-bound, phased in and out as necessary, and consistent with the country’s external obligations and its “market-oriented, macroeconomic framework.” When a procuring entity wishes to reserve a tender for citizen-only participation, it is required to publish a notice to that effect either in the bid document or the pre-qualification notice.
Health and safety laws, embodied in the Factories Act of 1973, provide basic protection for workers from unsafe working conditions. Minimum working conditions required on work premises include cleanliness of the premises, adequate ventilation and sanitation, sufficient lighting and the provision of safety precautions. Health inspectors and the Botswana Bureau of Standards carry out periodic checks at both new and operating factories.
9. Efficient Capital Markets and Portfolio Investment.
The government encourages the establishment of new and diverse financial institutions to support increased foreign and domestic investment and to fill existing gaps where finance is not commercially available. There are eight commercial banks, one merchant bank and one offshore bank, one statutory deposit-taking institution and one credit union operating in Botswana. All have corresponding relationships with U. S. banks. Additional financial institutions include various pension funds, insurance companies, microfinance institutions, stock brokerage companies, asset management companies, statutory finance institutions, collective investment undertakings, and statutory funds. Historically, commercial banks have accounted for 92 percent of total deposits and 98 percent of total loans in Botswana. A large portion of the population does not participate in the formal banking sector.
Money and Banking System, Hostile Takeovers.
The Non-Bank Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA) was established in 2008 and provides regulatory oversight for the non-banking sector. It extends know-your-customer practices to non-banking financial institutions and is intended to help deter money laundering and terrorist financing. NBFIRA is also responsible for regulating the International Financial Services Centre, a hub charged with promoting the financial services industry in Botswana.
The central bank, the Bank of Botswana (BOB), acts as banker and financial advisor to the government and is responsible for the management of the country’s foreign exchange reserves, the administration of monetary and exchange rate policies, and the regulation and supervision of financial institutions in the country. Monetary policy in Botswana is widely regarded as prudent and the government has successfully managed to maintain sensible exchange rate and stable inflation rate, generally within the target of 3 to 6 percent.
Banks may lend to non-resident controlled companies without seeking approval from the Bank of Botswana. Foreign investors usually enjoy better access to credit than local firms due. In July 2014 USAID’s Development Credit Authority, in collaboration with the Barclays Bank of Botswana, implemented a program to allow Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) to access up to USD 15 million in loans in an effort to diversify the current economy.
The local Stock Exchange (BSE) has 36 publicly traded companies. As of 2015, 22 companies on the Domestic Board and 12 companies on the Foreign Equities Board. In addition, three exchange traded funds are listed on the exchange. The total market capitalization for listed companies, as of March 2015 was USD 41.95 billion though most of that is taken up by one company, Anglo-American Plc, which has a market capitalization of some USD 35 billion. The BSE is still highly illiquid compared to larger African markets and is dominated by mining companies which adds to index volatility. Laws prohibiting insider trading and securities fraud are still under development.
The government has legitimized offshore capital investments and allows foreign investors, individuals and corporate bodies, and companies incorporated in Botswana to open foreign currency accounts in specified currencies. The designated currencies are U. S. Dollar, Pound Sterling, Euro and the South African Rand. There are no known practices by private firms to restrict foreign investment participation or control in domestic enterprises. Private firms are not permitted to adopt articles of incorporation or association which limit or prohibit foreign investment, participation or control.
In general, Botswana exercises careful control over credit expansion, the Pula exchange rate, interest rates, and foreign and domestic borrowing. Banking legislation is largely in line with industry norms for regulation, supervision, and payments, and its anti-money laundering and combating the financing of terrorism regime is improving (see section two).
10. Competition from State-Owned Enterprises.
State-owned enterprises (SOEs), known as “parastatals,” are majority or one hundred percent owned by the Government. There is a published list of SOEs at the GoB portal (gov. bw) with profiles of financial and development SOEs. Some SOEs are state-sanctioned monopolies, including the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation, Botswana Meat Commission, the Water Utilities Corporation, Botswana Railways, and the Botswana Power Corporation.
Private and government-owned enterprises are governed by the same business registration and licensing laws. No law or regulation prohibits or restricts private enterprises from competing with SOEs. Botswana law requires SOEs to publish annual reports and, depending on how they are constituted, SOEs are audited by private sector accountants or the Auditor General. In 2011, Parliament also began overseeing SOEs, compelling Presidents and Chairmen to appear before Parliamentary committees to provide reports and answer questions regarding their performance. Many SOEs are not performing well and several, including the Botswana Meat Commission, the Botswana Telecommunications Corporation (BTC) and the Botswana Power Corporation, have been embroiled in scandals involving alleged fraud and mismanagement. One former CEO and several employees of the BTC were indicted on corruption charges in 2012. In 2013, the Parliamentary Committee investigated allegations of corruption and mismanagement at Botswana Meat Commission.
OECD Guidelines on Corporate Governance of SOEs.
SOEs appoint a CEO, who reports to a Board of Directors, which reports to the relevant government Ministry. Board members are appointed by line ministers and are drawn from both the government and the private sector. Corporate governance is still a very new phenomenon in Botswana, but most SOEs are moving towards implementing it. CEOs of some SOEs, i. e. Bank of Botswana, Public Procurement & Asset Disposable Board, are still holding the Chairman positions of their boards while the OECD guidelines good practice calls for separation of duties. Appointment of Board members and CEO is very much politically motivated. Nominated candidates for these positions are submitted to the parliament for approval and they can either accept or reject a candidate.
The Bank of Botswana maintains a long-term sovereign wealth fund, known as the Pula Fund, in addition to a regular foreign reserve account providing basic import cover. The Pula Fund, with an estimated value of some USD 7 billion, was established under the Bank of Botswana Act and forms part of the country’s foreign exchange reserves, which are primarily funded by diamond revenues. The Pula Fund is wholly invested in foreign currency-denominated assets and is managed by the Bank of Botswana Board with input from recognized international financial management and investment firms. All realized market and currency gains or losses are reported in the Bank of Botswana’s income statement.
11. Corporate Social Responsibility.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is recognized and embraced by government, some foreign and local firms, and customers. Major banks such as Standard Chartered and cell phone providers such as Mascom have established CSR programs, sponsor projects and support local nonprofit concerns. However, the CSR ethos has not taken hold in many smaller firms. The U. S. Embassy worked with the Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower (BOCCIM) on the issue of CSR and ethical compliance to help enlist companies to sign onto a Corporate Code of Conduct that covers, among other things, conflicts of interest, bribery, political interference, political party funding, procurement and bidding and issues surrounding residence and work permits. While the Code of Conduct is voluntary, it envisions amending Botswana’s Procurement Act to allow only firms that have signed on to participate in tenders. It also envisages procedures whereby firms may be de-listed as signatories. To date, more than 70 firms have signed the Code of Conduct.
OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.
The GoB actively encourages companies to embrace corporate social responsibility. The President of Botswana has publicly commended companies that exercise corporate social responsibility and challenged others to do the same.
The threat of political violence is considered low in Botswana. Public demonstrations are rare and seldom turn violent. The most recent protest involved public sector employees and occurred in April to June 2011. There were reports of police deployments and clashes with protestors. With the exception of a few minor instances demonstrations were largely peaceful.
UN Anticorruption Convention, OECD Convention on Combatting Bribery.
Botswana has a reputation for a relative lack of corruption and a willingness to prosecute corrupt officials. Transparency International ranks Botswana as the least corrupt country in Africa (31st overall), and a 2014 report by the World Justice Project ranked Botswana number one on its regional rule of law index. Investors with experience in other developing nations describe the relative lack of obstruction or interference by law enforcement or other government agents as among the country's most important assets. Nevertheless, private sector representatives now note rising corruption levels in government tender procurements.
The major corruption investigation body is the Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crimes (DCEC). Overall, the DCEC is regarded as an active and independent organization. The DCEC has embarked on an education campaign to raise public awareness about the cost of corruption and is also working with Government departments to reform their accountability procedures.
Corruption is punishable by a prison term of up to 10 years, a fine of USD 50,000, or both. The DCEC received 1,471 reports of corruption in 2013, an 18 percent decrease from the 2011 statistics. The DCEC investigated 520 allegations in 2013, and the government typically obtains 16-20 convictions per year for corruption-related crimes. High level officials have been prosecuted. Allegations that the Director of Intelligence and Security Services escaped corruption charges because of his personal connections circulated widely in Batswana media in 2014. The Directorate of Public Prosecutions applied for a withdrawal of corruption charges against MTI Vincent Seretse in March 2015 citing the grounds that key witnesses were unavailable. The charges stemmed from alleged tender manipulation in 2008 when he was CEO of SOE Botswana Telecommunication Company.
The 2000 Proceeds of Serious Crime Act expanded the DCEC's mandate to include money laundering. The 2009 Financial Intelligence Act provides a comprehensive legal framework to address money laundering and establishes a financial intelligence agency (FIA). The FIA, which operates under the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, cooperates with various institutions, such as Directorate of Public Prosecutions (DPP), Botswana Police Service, Bank of Botswana, the Non-Banking Financial Institutions Regulatory Authority (NBFIRA), the DCEC, and foreign FIAs to uncover and investigate suspicious financial transactions. Botswana is a member of the Eastern and Southern Anti-Money Laundering Group (ESAAMLG), a regional standards-setting body for ensuring appropriate laws, policies and practices to fight money laundering and the financing of terrorism.
Botswana is not a party to the OECD Anti-bribery Convention but is a party to the 2005 UN Anticorruption Convention.
Resources to Report Corruption.
Contacts for agencies responsible for combating corruption:
Name: Ms. Rose Seretse.
Organization: Directorate on Corruption and Economic Crime.
Address: Madirelo Extension 6, Gaborone, Botswana.
Telephone Number: +267 3914002/+267 3604200.
Name: Ms. Bridget John.
Tittle: Executive Director.
Organization: Public Procurement & Asset Disposal Board.
Address: Private Bag 0058, Gaborone, Botswana.
Telephone Number: +267 3602000.
Name: Mr. Abraham Sethibe.
Organization: Financial Intelligence Agency.
Address: Private Bag 0190, Gaborone, Botswana.
Telephone Number: +267 3998400.
One can also reach out to the Minister of the relevant Ministry for a particular tender and provide a copy of the complaint to the Public Procurement & Asset Disposal Board Executive Director.
14. Bilateral Investment Agreements.
The U. S. and the Southern Africa Customs Union (SACU), which includes Botswana, signed a Trade, Investment, and Development Cooperative Agreement (TIDCA) in 2008. The TIDCA establishes a forum for consultative discussions, cooperative work, and possible agreements on a wide range of trade issues, with a special focus on customs and trade facilitation, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures, and trade and investment promotion.
SACU has Free Trade Agreements with Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland, and the European Free Trade Association. The preferential trade agreement between SACU countries and MERCOSUR (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay) was signed by MERCOSUR and SACU States in December 2008 and April 2009 respectively. The PTA establishes fixed preference margins as a first step towards the creation of a free trade area between SACU and MERCOSUR. Botswana has ratified the Agreement and is awaiting remaining Member States to complete ratification for the agreement to be implemented.
For more information on SACU’s tariff regime see the World Trade Organization (WTO) document: wto/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/s222-00_e. doc.
Botswana is also a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), is currently implementing the SADC Protocol on Trade. For more information about SADC, visit: sadc. int.
In 2014, Botswana concluded an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the European Union as part of SADC EPA Group. The EPA guarantees access to the EU market without any duties or quotas for Botswana, and gives asymmetric access to the SADC EPA Group.
Botswana has a trade agreement with Zimbabwe which provides duty-free access for goods that meet the 25 percent local content requirement.
Botswana’s trade regime is more open than that of an average sub-Saharan Africa country. According to the 2012 World Trade Indicators published by the World Bank, Botswana’s MFN Tariff Trade Restrictiveness Index (TTRI) was 5.2 percent, as compared to 7.4 percent in 2011 for sub-Saharan Africa (the lower percentage indicates fewer trade restrictions). Nevertheless customs procedures remain a challenge for businesses in Botswana. Botswana ranked 157 out of 189 in trade in the World Bank’s, 2015 Doing Business Report because it takes USD 3,145 and 27 days to export a container and USD 3,710 and 35 days for import procedures.
In 2015, the GOB Cabinet approved the establishment of Botswana's National Single Window which enables international traders to submit regulatory documents at a single location in order to facilitate trade. The Botswana Unified Revenue Services is consulting with the private sector on a draft to amend the Customs and Excise Duty Act with the view of streamlining procedures and lowering importing and exporting costs.
Botswana has erected some non-tariff barriers to trade, including import permit requirements for a variety of food products, seasonal trade bans on selected agricultural goods, and a state monopoly on beef exports.
Bilateral Taxation Treaties.
Botswana has not signed a double taxation treaty with the United States.
15. OPIC and Other Investment Insurance Programs.
The Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) makes insurance available for projects in Botswana. In October 2008, OPIC approved a USD 250 million guarantee facility for the diamond industry. The purpose of the guarantee was to develop a robust lending market to Botswana’s emerging cutting and polishing industry.
Botswana is a member of the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). MIGA offers investors protection against inconvertibility or transfer of currency, expropriation, breach of contract, and war and civil disturbance.
The Botswana Export Credit Insurance and Guarantee Ltd. allows investors to purchase coverage against certain events and losses such as the insolvency and inability of buyers to pay for purchases, unanticipated import restrictions, or the blockage by the buyer’s country of foreign exchange transfer.
Botswana has high unemployment (estimated to be 20 percent) and a severely constricted worker skills base. Employers can expect to engage in significant training efforts, depending on the industry. Retention of workers and absenteeism can pose problems. In addition, managers often cite workforce productivity as a point of frustration. The lack of trained local citizen professionals is generally resolved by the use of expatriates if they can secure work permits.
The Employment Act of 1992 provides basic guidelines for employment in Botswana. The legislation sets requirements for a minimum wage, length of the workweek, annual and maternity leave, hiring and termination. Standards set by the Act are consistent with international best practice as described by ILO model legislation and guidelines.
Employment-related litigation occurs and is both an example of trust in the court system and a cost to doing business in Botswana. Considerable expense and frustration can be avoided if an employer observes the provisions of the Employment Act, relevant labor regulations and prudence in advance of potential litigation. Before a potential litigant goes to one of eleven labor courts, the parties must attempt mediation through the Department of Labor.
All Botswana citizens, except those working in the Botswana Defense Force, police, and prisons are permitted to participate in trade unions. The largest unions are comprised of public sector workers. Although workers have a right to strike, those engaged in certain categories of “essential” services, including air traffic control, electricity services, fire services, the Bank of Botswana, health services, and sewage services are not permitted to strike. When the GoB tried to add diamond workers, veterinarians, and teachers to this list in the wake of a public sector strike in 2011, the public sector union sued the government to be taken off the list. The union won the case in April 2014. However, certain law provisions are found inconsistent with the ILO Conventions on Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining Rights, including section 35(1)(b) of the Trade Disputes Act, which permits an employer or employers’ organization to apply to the commissioner to withdraw the recognition granted to a trade union on the grounds that the trade union refuses to negotiate in good faith with the employer; section 20(3) of the Trade Disputes Act which imposes compulsory arbitration of disputes of interest in non-essential service sectors. According to the ILO Committee of Experts, there is a lack of provisions of law which provide for adequate protection against acts of interference by employers.
17. Foreign Trade Zones/Free Ports/Trade Facilitation.
Botswana currently has no domestic free trade zones or free ports. Botswana approved a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) policy in 2009 and the government is currently drafting legislation to establish a SEZ authority. The government has allocated 426.6 hectares for SEZs to be overseen by the MTI.
18. Foreign Direct Investment and Foreign Portfolio Investment Statistics.
Table 2: Key Macroeconomic Data, U. S. FDI in Host Country/Economy.
Host Country Statistical source*
USG or international statistical source.
USG or International Source of Data:
BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other.
Host Country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ($B USD)
Foreign Direct Investment.
Host Country Statistical source*
USG or international statistical source.
USG or international Source of data:
BEA; IMF; Eurostat; UNCTAD, Other.
U. S. FDI in partner country ($M USD, stock positions)
Host country’s FDI in the United States ($M USD, stock positions)
Total inbound stock of FDI as % host GDP.
*Bank of Botswana.
Table 3: Sources and Destination of FDI.
IMF Coordinated Direct Investment Survey data are not available for Botswana.
According to the Bank of Botswana, investment in Botswana totaled USD 4 billion in 2012. Foreign direct investment statistics trends show that FDI forms slightly over half of capital flows into Botswana, followed by portfolio and other types of investments. Portfolio investments, though small, have increased since the founding of the Botswana Stock Exchange. The mining sector continues to dominate Botswana’s investments, accounting for 72 percent of FDI and 42 percent of other investment inflows in 2012. The financing sector followed, comprising 22 percent of FDI and 10 percent of other investments. Europe was the primary source of FDI (75 percent), followed by Africa (22 percent). According to Bank of Botswana statistics the dominant countries contributing FDI in Botswana are Luxembourg (69 percent) and South Africa (14 percent). Non-FDI investments are dominated by an unspecified category of “other” countries (63 percent) and the bulk (77 percent) of non-FDI investments were provided to the public administration sector as external debt. The United States’ non-FDI investments totaled approximately USD 5.3 million. The Bank of Botswana announced that there were substantive changes to the 2012 data following revisions to align it with balance of payment flows.
Table 4: Sources of Portfolio Investment.
IMF Coordinated Portfolio Investment Survey data are not available for Botswana.